The designed preforms were then loaded into a 3D direct light projection (DLP) printer (Asiga Australia: model PRO2). The distance between two closest cores Λ is 5 mm and the preform length L is 40 mm. The inner d and outer D diameters of the fiber preforms are d = 3 mm and D = 22 mm, respectively. The fiber preforms with structures of one and seven cores shown in the first row of Fig. 16, the fabrication of 3D printed preforms involved five steps: (1) preparing UV sensitive resin embedded with amorphous silica nanoparticles (2) printing designed preform utilizing a commercial DLP 3D printer (3) filling the prepared resin into the holes of the printed cladding preform followed by thermal-polymerization (4) debinding and pre-sintering process driven by annealing to remove moisture and polymer support and pre-fusing of nanoparticles and (5) higher temperature sintering to further remove impurities and fuse silica nanoparticles into glass during fiber drawing.
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